Interseasonal variability in the analysis of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in Surabaya coastal waters using Landsat-8 satellite data

The spatial and temporal capabilities of remote sensing data are very effective for monitoring the value of total suspended solids (TSS) in water using optical sensors. In this study, TSS observations were conducted in the west season, transition season 1, east season, and transition season 2 in 2018 and 2019. Landsat 8 image data were used, extracted into TSS values using a semi-analytic model developed in the Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The TSS data obtained were then analysed for distribution patterns in each season. The sample points were randomly scattered throughout the study area. The TSS distribution pattern in the west season showed a high concentration spread over the coastal area to the off sea, while the pattern in the east season only showed a high concentration in the coastal areas. Transitional seasons 1 and 2 showed different patterns of TSS distribution in 2018 and 2019, with more varied values. The distribution of TSS is strongly influenced by the season. Observation of each cluster resulted in the conclusion that human activity and the rainfall rate can affect the concentration of TSS