Energy-yield Assessment Based on the Orientations and the Inclinations of the Solar Photovoltaic Rooftop Mounted in Jakarta, Indonesia

Solar rooftop is a new trend in harnessing renewable energy in Indonesia. In this work, energy yield assessment was simulated from the solar photovoltaic (PV) installed on the rooftop from the urban housing in Jakarta, Indonesia. The selection of the capital city is because of the high energy consumption from the residence. In this simulation, the orientations of solar PV were varied from four main cardinal directions with inclination variation six points (i.e., 0, 10◦, 15◦, 20◦, 30◦, and 45◦), respectively. For the important parameters, we set the installed capacity, the calculation area, the module type, and the number of modules as 2 kWp, 16.8 m2, Polysilicon 200 Wp, and 10, respectively. The maximum energy yield of 2497 kWh/year is obtained for North orientation with 10◦ inclination, while the minimum of 1740 kWh/year was simulated at South with 45◦ inclination. In general South-facing orientation has a weak energy yield compared to others, and the 0o inclination has relatively high energy yield, and 45o inclination is the weakest energy yield annually. With those energy yields, the Peak Sun Hours (PSH) average is more than 6 kWh m−2 d−1. The Cost of Solar Energy (CSE) has been calculated, and it showed that the reduced CSE to US$ 2000 will have a payback time of 4 years with the respective PSH.