Chemical conversion of Calophyllum inophyllum oil into bio‐hydrocarbons fuel over presulfided NiMo / Al 2 O 3 catalyst

Chemical conversion of Calophyllum inophyllum oil (raw oil) over presulfided NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst was conducted to generate organic liquid products (OLP) containing bio-hydrocarbons (OLP-1). Reacted in ±273 mL autoclave for 200 minutes at 375°C, PH2 of 1 MPa, and 1% of catalyst loading, the raw oil was converted into 78.24% OLP-1 with a heating value of 47.93 MJ/kg. The OLP was refined through distillation and grouped into boiling point (bp) range as 13.9% of gasoline (bp at 72.6°C-184°C), 10.8% of kerosene (bp at 184.1°C-235°C), 47.9% of diesel oil (bp at 235.1°C-400°C), and 26.3% of heavy fractions (bp at 400.1°C-688.5°C). Besides OLP-1, oxygenated compounds (OLP-2) were also contained as by-products. The catalytic reaction mechanism of C inophyllum oil was also confirmed using fatty acid model compounds. The OLP-1 mainly consisted of paraffinic hydrocarbons of C10-C18.