Associations Between Parental Depression and Early Childhood Development in Indonesia: A Cross-sectional Study

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the associations between parental depression and early childhood development among children aged 36 months to 59 months in Indonesia. Methods: From Indonesia’s Basic Health Survey (RISKESDAS) 2018, this study included 6433 children aged 36 months to 59 months and their parents. Maternal and paternal depression was examined using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview survey in strument, which was previously translated into Indonesian. The study also used the Early Child Development Index to measure child development and its 4 domains (cognitive, physical, socio-emotional, and learning). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was per formed to determine the association between parental depression and early childhood development. Results: Overall, 10.3% of children aged 36 months to 59 months were off-track for development. After adjusting for biological, pa rental, and social characteristics, children born to parents with depression were found to be 4.72 times more likely to be off-track for development (95% confidence interval, 1.83 to 12.15). Conclusions: Children of depressed parents were more likely to be off-track for development. The findings highlight the need for early diagnosis and timely intervention for parental depression to promote early childhood development.