Antibacterial and Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Activities of Essential Oil from Java Cardamom (Amomum compactum) Fruit

The essential oil has been reported to be one of the Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor resources. Moreover, it has been proven against bacterial pathogens that cause infectious diseases. Amomum com pactum is one source of essential oil, known as Javanese cardamom is a spice herb commonly used for flavouring food and traditional medicine in Indonesia. However, ACE inhibition activity of A. compactum has not been reported. The purposes of this study were to identify the main con stituent of volatile compounds, inhibition activity toward bacteria, and antihypertension potency of A. compactum essential oils. Volatile compounds were investigated using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The antimicrobial activity was observed using the microdilution method toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The antihy pertension effect was studied using an ACE inhibition assay. The result showed that eucalyptol was a primary compound of A. compactum fruit either in Banjar (BJR) and Bogor (BGR) essential oils with the value of 62.22% and 66.23%, respectively. Both BJR and BGR are more active to inhibit gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis) with MIC values of Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s12088- 023- 01080-x. * Cici Darsih cici.darsih@gmail.com 1 2 3 Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Chemistry, Mathematics and Natural Sciences Faculty, State University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia Ethnobiology Research Group, Research Centre for Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia 1 mg/mL. Meanwhile, the BJR exhibited a higher inhibi tory activity effect toward ACE compared to BGR with the value of IC50 64.86 ± 0.57 μg/mL. These findings suggest that A. compactum essential oil can be the potential to lead to the treatment of hypertension as an ACE inhibitor and antibacterial agent