Characteristics of Jengkol Peel (Pithecellobium jiringa) Biochar Produced at Various Pyrolysis Temperatures for Enhanced Agricultural Waste Management and Supporting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

engkol peel waste, commonly discarded from households and marketplaces, contributes to environmental pollution due to its lack of nutritional and economic value. Converting this waste into biochar enhances its utility, offering a sustainable solution for waste management. Biochar, rich in carbon, has diverse applications, with its properties significantly influenced by pyrolysis temperature. This study investigates the effect of temperature variations on biochar characteristics. Higher pyrolysis temperatures improved key properties, including pore surface area, total pore volume, fixed carbon content, and mineral composition, particularly phosphorus and magnesium. The most favorable results were obtained at 600°C, where the biochar exhibited optimal porosity, maximum surface area, and the highest fixed carbon content. Additionally, it retained essential macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, making it a promising soil amendment. This research supports sustainable resource utilization and aligns with global sustainability efforts.