Alkaloid fraction of Achyranthes aspera Linn triggers breast cancer apoptosis in mice (Mus musculus) model

Background: Breast cancer affects women of various ages, and its recurrence is a significant cause of death. The
search for potent anticancer compounds of herbal origin with well-defined mechanisms of action is an essential focus
of current research.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of alkaloids in Achyranthes aspera Linn (AAL) leaf extract on
necrosis, apoptosis, and related molecular markers, namely, cyclin-dependent kinase 1, Bcl-2 associated X-protein
(Bax), rat sarcoma virus (Ras), cytochrome (Cyt) c, and apoptotic activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), in mice models.

Methods: Thirty mice with breast cancer were randomly divided into five groups. The negative control group only
received distilled water daily. Mice in the positive control group (PCG) were administered methotrexate (15 mg/
Kg) daily. The T1, T2, and T3 groups received oral orally at 75, 100, and 125 mg/Kg body weight daily for 30 days,
respectively. On day 31, all mice were euthanized for the preparation of histological specimens of the mammary
glands. The negative control group had the lowest number of apoptotic cells, Apaf-1, Cyt C, and Bax expression, and
the highest number of viable cancer cells and Ras expression.

Results: The percentages of necrotic cells and breast cancer-expressed CDK-1 were not significantly (p > 0.05)
different among groups. The percentage of apoptotic cells, Apaf-1, and Cyt c, was highest in T3. Conversely, the
percentage of viable cells and breast cancer-expressing Ras was lowest in T3.

Conclusion: Treatment with 125 mg/Kg AAL suppressed cancer cell growth in breast cancer-bearing mice. Further
research is necessary to determine the complete signaling mechanism.