A Review on Isolation, Characterization, Biosynthesis, Synthesis, Modification, Pharmacological Activities and Toxicology of Mitragynine

Mitragynine is a natural compound found in the leaves of the Mitragyna speciosa tree, commonly known as kratom, which is primarily sourced from Southeast Asia. This review article highlights the methodologies of extraction techniques for isolating mitragynine, purification, characterization, and biosynthesis, including the complete synthesis of mitragynine and its derivatives, and briefly summarizes their biological activities and toxicology of mitragynine. The study was conducted by searching several scientific databases. There were extraction methods for mitragynine, including organic solvent extraction (hexane, chloroform, and methanol), green solvent extraction (distilled water), ultrasound-assisted extraction, and accelerated solvent extraction. The purification process of mitragynine using column chromatography with various eluen, including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether. The natural mitragynine is mainly generated from the shikimate pathway and monoterpenoid secoiridoid pathway. Furthermore, there were several methods for the complete synthesis of mitragynine and the alteration of its structure. Mitragynine and its derivatives possess various pharmacological properties, including anticancer, Analgesic effects, gastrointestinal effects, antidepressant effects, Impact on cognitive function, antioxidant, and antidiabetic. The higher doses of mitragynine (100 mg/kg) in rats led to changes in hematology and the histopathological examination of the liver and brain indicates signs of toxicity.