Under the shadows of business as usual: Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for climate action

Climate change is environmental law issue that has multidimensional impact. The responsibilities of the state in the context of climate change are mitigation (optimally utilizing available resources with the maximum possible target), adaptation (form of steps to reduce the risks and impacts caused by climate change) and procedural obligations (ensuring that mitigation and adaptation are carried out in inclusive, participatory, fair and equitable manner by prioritizing vulnerable groups). The problem of climate change in Southeast Asia requires a comparative legal method. The legal comparison method is used to compare efforts made to address climate change through conceptual among Southeast Asian countries policy Nationally Determined Contribution Included Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand. These countries use business-as-usual policy approaches but they have different potential aspects and efforts towards climate change. The article limits the analysis to the common ground of transforming climate change action and sustainable development goals into a national policy of each country especially in Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand to compare their frameworks encounter climate change and how national policy and regulation are transformed from international commitment for encounter climate change among the countries. BAU in Southeast Asia countries, such as The Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand, still dominate national policy and legal frameworks. This affects the NDC for combating climate change.