A meta-analysis of livestock brucellosis prevalence in Indonesia

Indonesia has a long history of livestock brucellosis, but the overall pooled prevalence remainsunclear. This study aims to determine the pooled estimated prevalence of livestock brucellosisin Indonesia using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis(PRISMA) guidelines. Five databases were searched and screened using predefined inclusionand exclusion criteria. Data from included studies were extracted and analyzed using a randomeffects model in R 4.3.0 for pooled estimated prevalence, subgroup meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Publication bias and sensitivity tests were conducted using Egger’s test, funnel plot,trim and fill plot, and leave-one-out. The screening process identified 46 included studies,representing 47,057 samples for brucellosis testing. The pooled estimated prevalence forlivestock brucellosis was 3.25% (95% CI, 1.81%–5.78%) with high heterogeneity (Q = 2130.91,p = 0, I2=98%). Subgroup meta-analysis indicated no significant difference in the prevalence oflivestock brucellosis across the main islands in Indonesia (p = 0.44) and across provinces inSulawesi Island (p = 0.83), but significant differences were found among provinces in Java(p < 0.01). The subgroup meta-analysis based on animal type showed no significant differencebetween cattle, small ruminants, and pig brucellosis estimated prevalence (p = 0.26). Betweenserological tests, no significant difference was found (p = 0.77). Meta-regression showed nosignificant difference in brucellosis prevalence from 1988–2023. Egger’s test and funnel plotshowed publication bias. Trim and fill test indicated 21 studies should be added. As moststudies were conducted in Java and Sulawesi Islands, caution should be exercised in interpretingthe results, emphasizing the necessity of increasing the study of brucellosis in other regions.