Understanding climate adaptation practices among small-scale sugarcane farmers in Indonesia: The role of climate risk behaviors, farmers’ support systems, and crop-cattle integration

Climate change poses significant challenges to small-scale farmers in developing countries, who often have low adaptive capacity and capability. This study examines the factors influencing climate adaptation behaviors among small-scale sugarcane farmers in Indonesia. Using a multivariate probit model and data from a survey of 209 farm households, this study analyzes the association of climate risk behaviors, farmers’ support systems, and sugarcane–cattle integration with climate adaptation practices. The results reveal that farmers perceive climate change as a significant threat to sugarcane productivity, and their risk behaviors, such as climate risk perception and risk preference, influence their adaptation practices. The study also finds that sugarcane–cattle integration and farmers’ support systems, such as extension and training programs, farmers’ institutions, and information access, are crucial for farmers to adapt to climate issues. These findings can help policymakers design targeted and inclusive programs and strategies to support small-scale farmers in adapting to climate change.