A comprehensive analysis of wind power integrated with solar and hydrogen storage systems: Case study of Java's Southern coast

Wind and solar energy are vital to the global transition toward sustainable energy systems, driven by the need to reduce fossil fuel dependence, mitigate climate change, and enhance energy security. This study aims to optimize system performance by integrating hydrogen technology and addressing capacity shortages and excess energy. First, a comprehensive analysis of wind characteristics in a strategically important area to meet unaccomplished Indonesia's 2023 wind energy targets, focusing on Java's southern coast using wind speed data from the System Advisor Model (SAM), was conducted. Four scenarios are then evaluated: wind turbine (WT)-battery energy storage system (BESS), WT-photovoltaic (PV)-BESS, WT-fuel cell (FC)-electrolyzer (EL)-hydrogen tank (H2T), and WT-PV–FC–EL-H2T. Key metrics analyzed include excess energy, Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE), Net Present Cost (NPC), capacity shortage (CS), and electrolyzer full-load hours (EFH). Results show that average wind speeds reach 4.2 m/s in Pandeglang, with the WT–FC–EL-H2T system being the most reliable, exhibiting a 5% capacity shortage and 68.5% excess electricity. The WT-PV–FC–EL scenario is the most cost-effective, with a COE of $0.508/kWh and an NPC of $2.6 million. These findings provide valuable insights for improving sustainable energy infrastructure in the region.