Various applications of aerobic granular sludge: A review

Aerobic granular sludge involves microbial community, which allows simultaneous removal of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other pollutants in a single reactor. The feasibility of aerobic granular sludge has been extensively studied for implementation in wastewater treatment for municipal, domestic and industrial wastewater including palm oil mill effluent, livestock, leachate, dairy, textile and other complex effluents. This article reviews the application of aerobic granular sludge for nutrient, phenolic compound and heavy metals removal from municipal, domestic and industrial wastewater. It discusses the integration of aerobic granular bioflocs with membrane technology, microbial fuel cells and microalgae to enhance the efficiency of wastewater treatment.