A review on synthesis, functionalization, and theranostic prospects of holmium nanoparticles

Nanoparticle-based theranostics agents have emerged as a promising approach in modern hospitals, offering integrated solutions for disease diagnosis and therapy. Among the various types of materials investigated for theranostics applications, holmium nanoparticles (HoNPs) have gained significant attention due to their advantageous magnetic, optical, and chemical properties. Therefore, this review aims to explore synthesis, functionalization, and theranostic prospects of HoNPs. Synthesis approach, including polyol, precipitation, thermal decomposition, and solvothermal, was extensively discussed. Nanoparticles properties (such as size, shape, and morphology), relativity value, biodistribution, and cytotoxicity were also discussed. Materials for surface functionalization were explored to broaden the applications and improve functionality of HoNPs. In addition, therapeutic and diagnostic applications of HoNPs were examined, comprising Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) contrast enhancement, drug delivery, and radiotherapy.