A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Cassava Addition in a Buffalo Diet: In Vivo Investigations on Performance and Rumen Health

This meta-analysis compiles data on buffalo consumption of cassava as a feed ingredient to
evaluate its impact on in vivo rumen fermentation, feed intake, nutrient intake, growth performance,
digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, haematology, microbiology, and milk yield. A systematic search
of Scopus and Web of Science identified 19 in vivo experiments. Cassava varieties were categorized
as by-products, foliage, and roots, while buffaloes were stratified based on management system,
breed, and sex. A linear mixed model was applied to estimate the effects of cassava inclusion. The
f
indings indicated feed and nutrient intake, particularly crude protein intake and nitrogen retention,
increased significantly (p<0.05), while crude protein digestibility showed no significant difference.
Microbiological parameters, including total bacterial and fungal counts, also increased significantly
(p<0.05), whereas methane production after 24 hours declined significantly (p<0.05). Although
production parameters such as body weight, feed conversion, and milk yield were not significantly
affected, a trend toward improvement was observed, except for feed conversion. Cassava root and
foliage exhibited the highest digestibility and nitrogen retention compared to by-product (p<0.05).
A restricted feeding system resulted in higher ammonia (NH3-N) concentrations, protozoa count, and
proteolytic and cellulolytic microbial populations compared to ad libitum feeding and an extensive
system (p<0.05). Murrah buffaloes showed greater feed intake, while male buffaloes demonstrated
higher digestibility (p<0.05). In conclusion, dietary cassava, approximately 1.5% to 20.5% DM,
potentially stimulates rumen fermentation, nutrient intake, digestibility, and microbiology but has
only a modest effect on production parameters. High cassava inclusion may reduce feed acceptability,
thereby decreasing feed efficiency