Wet deposition at urban and rural sites of Indonesia

Kototabang and Serpong (2001 — 2003). Jakarta and Bandung are urban areas in Java, Serpong is a rural area in west of Jakarta. Kototabang is a remote area in West Sumatera where Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) is conducted. Measured pH was varied from 4.4 to 5.2 with an average of 4.8 in Jakarta; 4.5 to 5.0 with an average of 4.9 in Bandung; 4.8 to 5.3 with an average 5.1 in Kototabang and 4.62 to 4.65 with an average 4.6 di Serpong. Ion concentrations starting from high to low were NO3>Ca2+>SO42->C1->Na+>NH4+>Mg2+>H+>K+ for Jakarta; NH4+>SO42->NO3>Cl->Ca2+>H+>Na+> K+> Mg2+ for Bandung; C1->NO3>H+>Na+>K+>SO42->NH4+>Ca2+>Mg2+ for Kototabang and NH4+>NO3>SO42->Cl >H+>Na+>Ca2+>K>Mg2+ for Serpong. Monthly averages of SO2 and NO2 concentrations in Kototabang were high in dry season in range 2.16-3.16 ppb and 7.86-10.47 ppb. In the other hand Jakarta had high SO2 concentration in March, July, October and November in range of 6.42-7.13 ppb. NO2 concentration in Jakarta was high in April-June in range of 27.06-33.16 ppb and August-October in range of 28.35-30.56 ppb.