How Drinking Water Supply PPPs Last After 25 Years (1998 – 2023). Does It Work?

The PPP/BOT is a product of institutional arrangement. Institutional arrangements related to increasing the coverage of piping water systems are challenged by the socio-technical complexity of the drinking water provision system. The Institutional Development Framework provides opportunities to learn how the institution capable of delivering the precondition of the actor interacts at the preparation level. The operation started from January 1998 to December 2022, departed from 32.69% coverage, and reached only 61% of the target of 95% after 25 years. As a result, the cases confirmed that there could be vast differences between rules in form and rules in use or that the quality of preparation affects the financial and system performances. The more compliance of the collective choice to the constitutional rules that comply with the International Best Practice showed, the better the performances of the PPP/BOT proved.