Challenges and constraints in implementing integrated pest management for pepper stem borer (Lophobaris piperis Marshall) among Indonesian smallholder farmers: a critical review

This review examines the challenges that prevent the adoption of integrated pest management in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) cultivation in Indonesia, emphasizing the impact of Lophobaris piperis Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a critical stem borer pest in Southeast Asian black pepper-producing countries. The recommended integrated pest management strategies involve employing pepper varieties tolerant to L. pipperis, routine pest population monitoring, mechanical controls, adherence to adequate agricultural practices, and environmentally responsible pesticide management. The review encompasses technical and nontechnical aspects, addressing challenges like farmer skills, knowledge, government support, and market prices. We identified obstacles and opportunities in implementing sustainable pest management strategies, especially in the largest black pepper plantations in Indonesia. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights for enhancing the effectiveness and sustainability of black pepper pest management, ultimately benefiting smallholder farmers’ livelihoods and the sustainability of their pepper farming enterprises