Biomass as Whitening Agents Derived from Plants: Research Trends and Future Outlook

Hyperpigmentation is a prevalent skin condition characterized by darkened patches or spots on the skin. Melanin, which is a pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye coloration, can accumulate or be overproduced, leading to aesthetic concerns and potential health issues associated with hyperpigmentation. Skin lightening refers to using natural or synthetic products to reduce melanin levels and achieve a more even skin tone. While traditional depigmenting agents such as hydroquinone, corticosteroids, and kojic acid are effective, they raise safety concerns with prolonged use, including ochronosis, atrophy, carcinogenesis, and other side effects. Exploring the benefits of natural and botanical extracts offers opportunities for developing new products to address pigmentation issues. Active compounds derived from plants, such as arbutin, aloesin, gentisic acid, flavonoids, hesperidin, licorice, niacinamide, yeast derivatives, and polyphenols, have been found to inhibit melanin production without harming melanocytes through various mechanisms. This chapter provides an overview of the current trends in utilizing plant extracts as topical treatments for hyperpigmentation disorders, emphasizing significant natural extracts and secondary metabolites, along with in vitro screening results and relevant clinical trial findings supporting their efficacy.