Exploring tsunami generation and propagation: A case study of the 2018 Palu earthquake and tsunami

The tsunami disaster in Palu, Indonesia, on September 28, 2018, caused many casualties and damage along Palu Bay, Indonesia. Prior to the tsunami, an earthquake was recorded 25 km northeast of Donggala. The analysis suggests that the tsunami was triggered by a landslide beneath the waters of Palu Bay. The investigation then focused on the earthquake's impact on the tsunami. This study conducts simulations to discern the dominant causes of tsunamis, comparing the effects of landslides with earthquakes. Three distinct tsunami sources were identified: earthquake-only (T-E), earthquake and submarine landslide (T-EL), and submarine landslide-only (T-L). Interpretation of tsunami source parameters for underwater landslides is carried out accurately. A nesting grid numerical method was employed to increase resolution and accuracy in the simulations. This study accurately interprets tsunami source parameters using data from the Bathymetry National Data-Geospatial Information Agency (185 m resolution) and the field survey data from Baruna Jaya IV-BPPT Research Vessel Indonesia (25 m resolution), thereby contributing to the creation of a tsunami inundation model map. This map serves to inform preparedness efforts and guide recommendations for infrastructure development in the Palu Bay area. The tsunami inundation model map is verified with field data and estimated using tide gauge monitoring data. The characteristics of the tsunami waves on September 28, 2018, reflect a T-EL-type tsunami source, while the T-L type source produces tsunami waves with longer periods compared to earthquake-generated tsunamis (T-EL). The T-E type, located on land, had minimal influence in causing the tsunami, despite the destructive potential of the shallow-depth M7.5 earthquake.