Bovine hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering: Preparation, characterization, challenges, and future perspectives

The demand for bone implant had been raising along with incidence of damaged bone by disease, trauma or accident. Using bone implant remains some clinical problems relating to infection and complication rate, nerve and vascular lesions, and postoperative pain. Bone tissue engineering is one of the most promising treatment for bone defect. Bovine hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been investigated for its potential use in bone tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility and similarity to natural bone. This review summaries various methods of bovine hydroxyapatite extraction and focusses on the characterizations which includes morphologies, phase crystal linities, and functional groups analysis. Instead of using synthesis hydroxyapatite, HAp from bovine appear to be promising regarding its inorganic residual composition for biocompatibility and bioactivity characteristics. Further research is needed to optimize its properties and improve its effectiveness in biomedical application. Research on the development of bovine hydroxyapatite should be contribute to overcoming the problem of the availability of quality graft materials and support the advancement of biomedicine.