Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals on Total Suspended Particles in Semi Urban, Urban, and Industrial Areas, of Bandung Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) in ambient air contain metallic elements and can be inhaled by humans. Inhaled metal elements risk public health with long-term exposure because metallic elements are carcinogenic in the human body. This study aimed to analyze metallic elements and assess their risk to public health in the Bandung area and its surroundings. The metal elements analyzed in this research are Pb, Al, and Mn. Ambient air sampling was carried out in five industrial areas: Bandung Wetan, Buahbatu, Cibeureum, Padalarang, and Cimahi. High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) is for sampling TSP in ambient air, and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) was used to analyze metallic elements. The results of the study showed that the Cimahi location gave the highest TSP level (126.7 g/m3) and the lowest is Padalarang (15.1µg/m3). The metal elements concentrations, Pb, Al, and Mn were varied widely of 7.1–29.21 ng/m3, 1054.9–1700.1 ng/m3, and 8.91–14.79 ng/m3, respectively. Risk analysis was determined by calculating ADDinhale, Hazard Quotient (HQ), and Hazard Index (HI) to determine whether there is a potential non–carcinogenic effect on public health. Each industrial area gives an HI value > 1, and Buahbatu has the highest HI. This study proves that Pb significantly contributes to the increased risk of community exposure to non-carcinogenic effects.