3D Modeling Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) In Landslide Risk Assessment And Mitigation Based On Indigenous Knowledge (Case Study: Tawangmangu Sub-district, Karanganyar Regency, Indonesia)

The advancement of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology through 3D modeling has significantly improved-disaster risk analysis, particularly for landslides. This study utilized Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Agisoft Metashape-software to produce accurate 3D models, which were used to identify the location, volume, displacement, and distribution of-landslide impacts in Tawangmangu Sub-district, Karanganyar Regency. This area is characterized by hilly topography with-slopes > 45% and frequent land-use changes that exacerbate landslide risks. The 3D modeling process involved several key-steps: aerial image acquisition using UAVs at an altitude of 126 meters, photo processing with Agisoft Metashape to generate-orthomosaic maps, Digital Elevation Models (DEM), and geospatial analysis. Camera calibration was performed to enhance-accuracy, while risk analyze using overlay and scoring methods were applied to hazard, vulnerability, and community-capacity parameters in accordance with National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) Regulation No. 02 of 2012. The-results revealed that most of Tawangmangu Sub-district falls into the medium-risk category for landslides, covering an area-of 4023.45 hectares, with the highest risk levels identified in Sepanjang and Tawangmangu villages. The 3D models indicated-translational landslides, with soil displacement volumes ranging from −5409.3 m3 to −991, 808 m3 , causing infrastructure damage and road closures. Mitigation efforts integrated UAV technology for realtime monitoring and indigenous knowledge-in the form of coping strategies passed down through generations. UAV data was also utilized for disaster simulation,-community training, and evidence-based mitigation planning, such as designing retaining walls and evacuation routes. This-study highlights the importance of combining UAV technology and indigenous knowledge to enhance community capacity-for sustainable and independent disaster risk reduction in landslide-prone areas