Literature review: Association of genetic polymorphism effect on risk events of diabetes mellitus

Diabetes is a condition of long-term/chronic metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency, β cell dysfunction, insulin resistance or both. Diabetes mellitus is classified into several types, and the most commonly known are type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Factors associated with the incidence of DM include overweight, central/abdominal obesity, degree of stress, lack of physical activity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, prediabetes condition, smoking, race, ethnicity, age, gender, family
history of diabetes mellitus. Genetic factors are known to have an important role in the incidence, course and development of DM. The most common genetic factor that plays a role is Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). Genes that are known to have a close relationship with DMT1 include the HLA, CTLA-4, PTPN22, and IL2RA/CD25 genes. In DMT2 there are several genes that play a role such as ABCC8, KCNJ11, PPAR-γ and CALPN10 genes.