Flora diversity, composition and ecology in Besiq Bermai tropical forest of Damai District, East Kalimantan

Besiq Bermai Forest is part ofKalimantan forests known for vast plant diversity. The present study aimed to investigate flora diversity, composition, and ecology in Besiq Bermai Forest to support the management ofbiodiversity and forest conservation. Thirteen plots were established with different sizes ofplots (100 m x 20 m plots for trees; 40 m x 5 m plots for saplings; and 5 m x 5 m plots for understory). Data recorded included plant species name and individual number ofeach plant species. Data analysed were Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative Dominance and Important Value Index. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to determine relationship between edaphic components and flora occurrence. The results showed that there were 93 species oftrees (belonging to 48 genera and 22 families), 112 species ofsaplings (belonging to 62 genera and 43 families), and 48 species ofunderstory (belonging to 28 genera and 20 families). Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') were 6.05, 6.25 and 3.26 for tree, saplings and understory, respectively. The most common family for tree and saplings in the forest ecosystem in this area was Dipterocarpaceae (Shorea spp). Species oftree with the highest importance value index were Dillenia excelsa, Syzygium sp. and Shorea parvifolia. The highest importance value index for species ofsaplings were Macaranga triloba and Shorea parvifolia; and for species ofunderstory were Phrynium jagorianum.Ecological (edaphic) factors affecting the occurence and establishment offlora in Bermai forest were total N and C/N ratio. The present study has implication for the management ofbiodiversity and forest conservation