Penempatan Bangunan Candi Tingkip, Lesung Batu dan Bingin Jungut pada Bentang Lahan Fluvial di Musi Rawas, Propinsi Sumatera Selatan
Abstract
Daerah Musi Rawas memiliki dataran aluvial yang membentang di daerah hulu Sungai Musi sampai dengan daerah hulu Sungai Rawas. Pada wilayah tersebut manusia berusaha berinteraksi dengan alam tidak hanya untuk bertahan hidup tetapi juga untuk memenuhi kebutuhan ritualnya. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan adanya bangunan candi di Tingkip, Lesung Batu dan Bingin Jungut pada abad ke-9 Masehi. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana bentuk adaptasi masyarakat pendukung bangunan candi dengan lingkungan fisik di situs Tingkip, Lesung Batu dan Bingin Jungut. Hal ini disebabkan bangunan candi didirikan harus mempertimbangkan lingkungan fisiknya, yaitu jenis tanah, keletakan candi dengan sumber air, sumber bahan bangunan candi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran bentuk adaptasi manusia pendukung bangunan candi dengan lingkungan fisik di situs Tingkip, Lesung Batu dan Bingin Jungut. Metode yang dipakai adalah metode kualitatif dangan analisis ruang sebaran bangunan candi dengan lingkungan fisiknya dan analisis laboratorium, yaitu uji sample tanah dari masing-masing profil tanah dari situs Tingkip, Lesung Batu dan Bingin Jungut. Manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai bahan masukan untuk penyusunan strategi dan kebijakan yang berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan lahan pada bentang lahan fluvial. Keberadaan bangunan candi menunjukkan adanya sisa peradaban India di situs Tingkip, Lesung Batu dan Bingin Jungut dan masyarakat pendukung candi mempertimbangkan lingkungan fisik dalam mendirikan bangunan candi pada ketiga situs tersebut.
References
Arsyad, S. 1989. Konservasi Tanah dan Air. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Boehari, 1980. Candi dan Lingkungannya. Pertemuan Ilmiah Arkeologi, II: 328-329.
Budisantoso, T.M. 2002. Candi Tingkip di Kabupaten Musi Rawas, Propinsi Sumatera Selatan. Siddhayatra,7 (1): 7-15.
Budisantoso, T.M. 2004. Indikasi Perdagangan di Daerah Aliran Sungai Musi Masa Klasik. Jurnal Siddhayatra, 9 (1): 12-17.
Chalton R. 2008. Fundamentals of Fluvial Geomorphology. Routlege, London
Eriawati Y. 1999. Adaptasi Manusia Penghuni Kompleks Gua Marros terhadap Lingkungan pada Masa Prasejarah di Maros. Pertemuan Ilmiah Ikatan Ahli Arkeologi Indonesia, VII.
Gafoer S. 1986. Peta Geologi Lembar Palembang, Sumatera. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung.
Gafoer S. 2002 Peta Geologi Lembar Sarolangun, Sumatera. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung
Geldern, V. H. 1942. Conceptions of State and Kingship in South East Asia. EFEO, 15-10.
Ginting, 2004. Geografi. Jakarta: Erlangga, 69-70.
Hanafiah, K.A. 2005. Dasar-dasar Ilmu Tanah. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada.
Hardjowigeno, S. 1992. Ilmu Tanah. Jakarta: Mediyatama Sarana Perkasa.
Hardjowigeno, S. 2003. Klasifikasi Tanah dan Pedogenesis. Jakarta: Arkamedi Presind.
Hilmanto, R. 2010. Etnoekologi. Bandang Lampung: Universitas Lampung
Intan, M.F.S. 2009. Lingkungan Geologi Situs Candi Sewu, Kabupaten Klaten, Peoponsi Jawa Tengah. Kalpataru, 19 (1): 19-26.
Istari, T.M.R. 2006. Candi di Lereng Gunung Bromo. Kalpataru, 18 (1): 77-83.
Kartawinata. K. 1976. Penelaah dasar-dasar penyusunan pedoman untuk menentukan jenis, jumlah, luas, lokasi, serta urutan prioritas penyelenggaraan wilayah suaka alam di darat. Kumpulan kertas kerja lokakarya Perlindungan dan Pelestarian Alam. Panitia Program Man And Biosphere Indonesia: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia.
Kusumohartono, B. M. H. 1992. Potensi Lingkungan Regional dan Pertumbuhan Peradaban Kuna di Palembang. Himpunan Hasil Penelitian Arkeologi di Palembang, I: 28 - 43.
Lopulisa, 2004. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah. Jakarta: PT Rajagara Findo Persada.
Manguin, P.Y. 2014. Sumatera Tengah pada Jaman Protosejarah dan Sriwijaya. dalam Kedatuan Sriwijaya. Jakarta: Pusat Arkeologi Nasional: 370.
Marbun, M.A. 1979. Kamus Geografi. Ghalia Indonesia
Mundardjito, 1985. Metode Penelitian Permukiman Arkeologi. Rapat Evaluasi Metode Penelitian Arkeologi, I: 4.
Mundajito, 2002. Pertimbangan Ekologi dalam Penempatan Situs Masa Hindu-Buddha di Daerah Yogyakarta. Disertasi, 1-49; 273-287.
Nasrudin, 1999. Hubungan Manusia dan Lingkungan Lewat Pola Pemanfaatan Gua-Gua Hunian di Pangkep Sulawesi Selatan. Pertemuan Ilmiah Ikatan Ahli Arkeologi Indonesia, VII.
Nico, T.A. 2014. Analisis Perubahan Ekologi : Studi Kasus Pengaruh Perubahan Bentang Lahan dan Mekanik. Tesis.
Rangkuti, N. 2015. Sebaran Situs Pra Sriwijaya di Rawas Pasang Surut: Kajian Arkeologi Ruang di Kawasan Karang Agung Tengah, Sumatera Selatan. Berkala Arkeologi, 34 (1): 51.
Raharjo, P.D. 2010. Penggunaan Data Penginderaan Jauh dalam Analisis Bentukan Lahan Asal Proses Fluvial di Wilayah Karang Sambung. Jurnal Geografi, 7 (2): 1-2.
Prawirohatono, 1991. Batuan Pembentuk Tanah.Jakarta: C.V. Rajawali.
Prasetya, 2006. Karakteristik, Potensi dan Teknologi Pengelolaan Tanah Ultisol untuk Pengembangan Pertanian Lahan Kering di Indonesia. Balai Besar Penelitian Sumber Daya Lahan Pertanian
Prijono S. 2001. Situs Gunung Lumpang, Kabupaten Cirebon sebagai Pendukung Budaya Megalitik. Manusia dan Lingkungan, I. Balar Denpasar: 13-25.
Prijono S. 2008. Lingkungan dan Topografi Lahan dan Kaitannya dengan Penempatan Situs Masa Tradisi Megalitik dan Islam di Kawasan Cibeber. Balai Arkeologi Bandung.
Rahmat, S. 2006. Aktivitas Fosfatase dan Pelarutan Kalsium Fosfat oleh Beberapa Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat.Biodiversitas, 8 (1): 23-26.
Rayes, M. L. 2007. Metode Inventarisasi Sumber Daya Lahan. Yogyakarta: CV. Andi.
Restiadi, A. Gambaran Pemanfaatan Lahan basah (Wetland) pada Masa Jawa Kuna. Berkala Arkeologi Sangkhakala, XI (22): 14-21.
Santiko, H. 1996. Seni Bangunan Sakral Masa Hindu-Buddha di Indonesia (Abad VIII-XV Masehi), Analisis Arsitektur dan Makna Simbolik. Jurnal Arkeologi Indonesia, 2: 136-142.
Satari, S. 2002. Sebuah Situs Hindu di Sumatera Selatan; Temuan Kelompok Candi dan Arca di Bumiayu. Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional dan Ecole Francaised’Extreme-Orient. Jakarta: 113-128.
Simanjuntak, 2011. Kehidupan Manusia Modern Awal di Indonesia: Sebuah Sintesa Awal. Amerta, 29 (2): 1-2.
Siregar, 2004. Fondasi Bangunan Candi Tuo Sumay. Siddhayatra, 9 (2): 64-67.
Siregar, 2005. Keramik Asing dari Daerah Aliran Sungai Lematang. Siddhayatra, 10 (2): 58-62.
Soedewo, E. Sumberdaya Lahan di Situs-Situs Masa Hindu-Buddha di Daerah Aliran Sungai Batang Gadis dan Batang Angkola. Berkala Arkeologi Sangkhakala, XI (22): 49-51.
Soeprobowati, T.R. 2011. Ekologi Bentang Lahan. BIOMA, 13 (2): 46.
Soeroso, M.P. 1995. Pola Persebaran Situs Bangunan Masa Hindu-Buddha di Pesisir Utara Wilayah Batujaya dan Cibuaya. Jawa Barat: Tinjauan Ekologi. Tesis.
Soil Survey Staff, 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Twelfth Edition, 2014. United States Departement of Agrilculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service. Washington DC
Steward, J.H. 1976. Theory of Culture Chane: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Suantika, I.W. 2012. Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Arkeologi. Forum Arkeologi, 25 (3): 185-204.
Sumerata, I.W. 2013. Petirthaan Kuno di Banjar Bunyuh, Desa Perean. Forum Arkeologi, 26 (3): 207-2016
Sungkowo, A. 1991. Geomorfologi. Universitas Pembangunan Nasional. Yogyakarta.
Susanto, N.N. 2007. Nilai Penting Sumber Daya Arkeologi bagi Daerah. 1 (2): 244-254.
Susetyo, S. 2006. Permukiman di Lingkungan Biaro: Studi terhadap Biaro Mangaledang, Padang Lawas. Amerta, 24 (1): 35-40.
UU No. 11 tahun 2010 tentang Cagar Budaya. Jakarta: Direktorat Cagar Budaya
Copyright (c) 2017 Naditira Widya
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Retained Rights/Terms and Conditions of Publication
 1. As an author you (or your employer or institution) may do the following:
- make copies (print or electronic) of the article for your own personal use, including for your own classroom teaching use;
- make copies and distribute such copies (including through e-mail) of the article to research colleagues, for the personal use by such colleagues (but not commercially or systematically, e.g. via an e-mail list or list server);
- present the article at a meeting or conference and to distribute copies of the article to the delegates attending such meeting;
- for your employer, if the article is a ‘work for hire’, made within the scope of your employment, your employer may use all or part of the information in the article for other intra-company use (e.g. training);
- retain patent and trademark rights and rights to any process, procedure, or article of manufacture described in the article;
- include the article in full or in part in a thesis or dissertation (provided that this is not to be published commercially);
- use the article or any part thereof in a printed compilation of your works, such as collected writings or lecture notes (subsequent to publication of the article in the journal); and prepare other derivative works, to extend the article into book-length form, or to otherwise re-use portions or excerpts in other works, with full acknowledgement of its original publication in the journal;
- may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the article, material extracted from the article, or derivative works for the author’s personal use or for company use, provided that the source and the copyright notice are indicated, the copies are not used in any way that implies Naditira Widya endorsement of a product or service of any employer, and the copies themselves are not offered for sale.
All copies, print or electronic, or other use of the paper or article must include the appropriate bibliographic citation for the article’s publication in the journal.
2. Requests from third parties
Although authors are permitted to re-use all or portions of the article in other works, this does not include granting third-party requests for reprinting, republishing, or other types of re-use. Requests for all uses not included above, including the authorization of third parties to reproduce or otherwise use all or part of the article (including figures and tables), should be referred to Naditira Widya by going to our website at http://naditirawidya.kemdikbud.go.id
 3. Author Online Use
- Personal Servers. Authors and/or their employers shall have the right to post the accepted version of articles pre-print version of the article, or revised personal version of the final text of the article (to reflect changes made in the peer review and editing process) on their own personal servers or the servers of their institutions or employers without permission from Naditira Widya, provided that the posted version includes a prominently displayed Naditira Widya copyright notice and, when published, a full citation to the original publication, including a link to the article abstract in the journal homepage. Authors shall not post the final, published versions of their papers;
- Classroom or Internal Training Use. An author is expressly permitted to post any portion of the accepted version of his/her own articles on the author’s personal web site or the servers of the author’s institution or company in connection with the author’s teaching, training, or work responsibilities, provided that the appropriate copyright, credit, and reuse notices appear prominently with the posted material. Examples of permitted uses are lecture materials, course packs, e-reserves, conference presentations, or in-house training courses;
- Electronic Preprints. Before submitting an article to an Naditira Widya, authors frequently post their manuscripts to their own web site, their employer’s site, or to another server that invites constructive comment from colleagues. Upon submission of an article to Naditira Widya, an author is required to transfer copyright in the article to Naditira Widya, and the author must update any previously posted version of the article with a prominently displayed Naditira Widya copyright notice. Upon publication of an article by the Naditira Widya, the author must replace any previously posted electronic versions of the article with either (1) the full citation to the work with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) or link to the article abstract in Naditira Widya homepage, or (2) the accepted version only (not the final, published version), including the Naditira Widya copyright notice and full citation, with a link to the final, published article in journal homepage.
4. Articles in Press (AiP) service
Naditira Widya may choose to publish an abstract or portions of the paper before we publish it in the journal. Please contact our Production department immediately if you do not want us to make any such prior publication for any reason, including disclosure of a patentable invention.
5. Author/Employer Rights
If you are employed and prepared the article on a subject within the scope of your employment, the copyright in the article belongs to your employer as a work-for-hire. In that case, Naditira Widya assumes that when you sign this Form, you are authorized to do so by your employer and that your employer has consented to the transfer of copyright, to the representation and warranty of publication rights, and to all other terms and conditions of this Form. If such authorization and consent has not been given to you, an authorized representative of your employer should sign this Form as the Author.
 6. Naditira Widya Copyright Ownership
It is the formal policy of Naditira Widya to own the copyrights to all copyrightable material in its technical publications and to the individual contributions contained therein, in order to protect the interests of the Naditira Widya, its authors and their employers, and, at the same time, to facilitate the appropriate re-use of this material by others. Naditira Widya distributes its technical publications throughout the world and does so by various means such as hard copy, microfiche, microfilm, and electronic media. It also abstracts and may translate its publications, and articles contained therein, for inclusion in various compendiums, collective works, databases and similar publications.
Naditira Widya by Balai Arkeologi Kalimantan Selatan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://naditirawidya.kemdikbud.go.id/
