PENGARUH MORFOLOGI DAN LITOLOGI KAWASAN KARST KABUPATEN REMBANG TERHADAP POTENSI HUNIAN GUA PRASEJARAH [THE INFLUENCE OF MORPHOLOGY AND LITHOLOGY OF REMBANG KARST ON THE POTENTIAL OF PREHISTORIC CAVE DWELLINGS]
Abstract
Kawasan karst di Kabupaten Rembang adalah bagian dari Karst Perbukitan Rembang yang membentang dari Jawa Tengah hingga ke Pulau Madura. Di bagian Jawa lainnya terdapat pula barisan karst Gunung Sewu sebagai salah satu kawasan karst Pegunungan Selatan Jawa. Tidak seperti situs-situs arkeologi di Gunung Sewu yang telah diteliti secara intensif, kawasan karst Rembang di gugusan utara belum banyak diteliti. Hal inilah yang menggaris bawahi pentingnya penelitian arkeologi di kawasan karst di perbukitan Rembang, yaitu untuk menjajaki potensi gua-guanya sebagai hunian prasejarah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan penalaran induktif, dengan memakai variabel potensi gua, dan dilakukan dengan teknik survei gemorfologis dan arkeologis. Hasil survei kemudian dibagi menjadi tiga variabel pengharkatan, yaitu kandungan arkeologis gua, aksesibilitas, dan morfologi gua. Dalam penelitian lapangan terdapat 41 titik gua yang menjadi objek pengamatan, dan beberapa di antara gua-gua tersebut memenuhi tingkat probabilitas untuk dihuni. Namun demikian, tentu saja untuk membuktikan gua-gua ini benar-benar dihuni atau tidak pada masa prasejarah diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut. Lebih lanjut, jika dibandingkan dengan segmen-segmen di sebelah barat dan timurnya, potensi arkeologi kawasan karst Rembang, dalam pengertian situs-situs guanya, termasuk rendah.
The karst region in Kabupaten Rembang is part of the Rembang Karst Zone that stretches from Central Java to Madura Island. Another mountain range of karst, the Gunung Sewu, lies on the southern region of Java. Unlike the archeological sites of Gunung Sewu that have been intensively investigated, the Rembang karst region in the northern ranges has not been much studied. This underlines the importance of archeological research in the karst region of Rembang, which is to explore the potentiality of its caves as prehistoric dwellings. This research employs descriptive method with inductive reasoning, using potential variables of a cave, and carried out with geomorphological and archaeological survey techniques. Survey results are further divided into three criteria, i.e. archaeological findings in caves, accessibility, and cave morphology. The field observation was focussed on 41 caves, and several of them indicated the probability of inhabitation. Nevertheless, further researches are required to prove whether these caves were inhabited or not during the prehistoric period. Furthermore, in terms of cave sites when compared to the west and east segments, the archaeological potency of Rembang karst regions is low.
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