SUMPING PENANDA KESENIAN ARCA PADA MASA KADIRI – SINGHASARI
Abstract
Peradaban masa Hindu-Buddha, berdasarkan tinggalan arkeologinya, merupakan puncak kebudayaan Indonesia. Kerajaan Kadiri dan Kerajaan Singhasari menempati satu ruang kesejajaran sebagai masa-masa puncak kesenian di Jawa Timur, yang ditandai oleh tinggalan arkeologi berupa arca yang dipahatkan secara halus, indah, dan detail. Penggarapan arca mengikuti pakem ikonografi, khususnya pada laksana dan wahana. Walaupun begitu, kebebasan berekspresi si artis dalam penggarapan arca dapat dilihat pada penggambaran perhiasannya, salah satunya adalah sumping. Oleh karena itu, melalui sumping dapat dirunut identitas kesenian pada masa Kadiri-Singhasari, khususnya tipo-morfologi, fungsi, dan makna sumping. Penelitian tentang sumping pada masa Hindu-Buddha sangat jarang dikemukakan secara mendalam. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif, tetapi menggunakan analisis kuantitatif dalam bentuk tabulasi dan klasifikasi khusus berdasarkan data yang telah dikumpulkan melalui observasi dan kajian pustaka. Teori mimesis dan kreativitas digunakan untuk mengkaji perkembangan tipo-morfologi sumping pada masa Kadiri-Singhasari. Penggunaan karya sastra sezaman merupakan hal yang penting sebagai pembanding untuk memahami pemaknaan sumping, baik secara profan maupun sakral. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sumping pada masa Kadiri-Singhasari dibagi menjadi empat tipe, yaitu A, B1, B2, dan C. Tipe B2 dan tipe C merupakan pengembangan yang terjadi pada masa Singhasari. Sumping pada arca menunjukkan fungsinya sebagai hiasan telinga dan media peribadatan. Penggunaan sumping merupakan simbol religio-magis dari pengultusan bunga dalam agama Hindu dan Buddha.
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