Spectral Analysis of Proton-Irradiated Natural MoO3 Relevant for Technetium-99m Radionuclide Production
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2020.52.2.6Keywords:
Due to the declining number of available nuclear reactors capable of Tc-99m production and tight regulations related to uranium enrichment, cyclotron-based Tc-99m production has recently been suggested as a new method to help ease Tc-99m supply shortagesAbstract
Due to the declining number of available nuclear reactors capable of Tc-99m production and tight regulations related to uranium enrichment, cyclotron-based Tc-99m production has recently been suggested as a new method to help ease Tc-99m supply shortages. In this investigation, a solid natural MoO3 target was irradiated using 11-MeV proton beams at variable proton doses. The proton doses were varied by varying the irradiation time while keeping the proton beam current constant at 20 µA. At the end of the bombardment, the post-irradiated solid MoO3 targets were analyzed for their radioactive contents using a portable gamma-ray spectroscopy system. The analysis was also performed for the post-irradiated targets after dissolving the solid MoO3 in a 6M NaOH solution. The experimental results indicated that as much as 75.71% of Tc-99m radioactivity was directly generated via a 100Mo(p,2n)99mTc nuclear reaction, while the rest of the Tc-99m radioactivity was a result of a 98Mo(n,γ)99Mo→99mTc nuclear reaction. Apart from Tc-99m and Mo-99 radionuclides, some other radionuclides such as N-13, Tc-96, and Nb-96 were also recorded following temporal observation of the NaOH-dissolved MoO3. These experimental results open up the possibility of direct production of Tc-99m using a proton-accelerating cyclotron.
References
Kambali, I. & Suryanto, H., Measurement of Seawater Flow-Induced Erosion Rates for Iron Surfaces using Thin Layer Activation Technique, J. Eng. Technol. Sci., 48(4), pp. 481-493, 2016.
Mirzaii, M., Afarideh H., Haji-Saeid S.M., Aslani G.R., & Ensaf, M.R., Production of [18F] Fluoride with A High-current Two Layer Spherical Gold Target, Iran. J. Radiat. Res., 1(2), pp. 119-124, 2003.
Le, V.S., Howse, J., Zaw, M., Pellegrini, P., Katsifis, A., Greguric, I., & Weiner, R., Alternative Method for 64Cu Radioisotope Production, Appl. Radia. Isot., 67, pp. 1324-1331, 2009.
Hoehr, C., Morley, M., Buckley, K., Trinczek, M., Hanemaayer, V., Schaffer, P., Ruth, T., & Benard, F., Radiometals from Liquid Targets: 94mTc Production using A Standard Water Target on a 13 MeV cyclotron, Appl. Radiat.Isot., 70, pp. 2308-2312, 2012.
Ballinger, J.R., 99Mo Shortage in Nuclear Medicine: Crisis or Challenge?, J. Label Compd. Radiopharm., 53, pp. 167-168, 2010.
Ruth, T.J., The Medical Isotope Crisis: How We Got Here and Where We Are Going, J. Nucl. Med. Technol., 42, pp. 245-248, 2014.
Benard, F., Buckley, K.R., Ruth, T.J., Zeisler, S.K., Klug, J., Hanemaayer, V., Vuckovic, M., Xinchi, H., Celler, A., Jean-Pierre, A., Valliant, J., Kovacs, M.S., & Schaffer, P., Implementation of Multi-Curie Production of 99mTc by Conventional Medical Cyclotrons, J. Nucl. Med. 55, pp. 1017-1022, 2014.
Richards, V.N., Mebrahtu, E., & Lapi, S.E., Cyclotron Production of 99mTc using 100Mo2C targets, Nucl. Med. Biol., 40(7), pp. 939-945, 2013.
Kambali, I., Comprehensive Theoretical Studies on 11 MeV Proton Based Tc-99m Production, Makara Journal of Science, 21(1), pp. 125-130, 2017.
Gagnon, K., Benard, F., Kovacs, M., Ruth, T.J., Schaffer, P., Wilson, J.S., & McQuarrie, S.A., Cyclotron production of 99mTc: Experimental Measurement of the 100Mo(p,x)99Mo, 99mTc and 99gTc Excitation Functions from 8 to 18 MeV, Nucl. Med. Biol., 38, pp. 907-916, 2011.
Schaffer, P., Benard, F., Bernstein, A., Buckley, K., Celler, A., Cockburn, N., Corsaut, J., Dodd, M., Economou, C., Eriksson, T., Frontera, M., Hanemaayer, V., Hook, B., Klug, J., Kovacs, M., Prato, F.S., McDiarmid, S., Ruth, T.J., Shanks, C., Valliant, J.F., Zeisler, S., Zetterberg, U., & Zavodszky, P.A., Direct Production of 99mTc via 100Mo(p,2n) on Small Medical Cyclotrons, Physics Procedia, 66, pp. 383-395, 2015.
Kambali, I., Suryanto, H., & Parwanto, Radioactive By-Products of A Self-Shielded Cyclotron and the Liquid Target System for F-18 Routine Production, Australas. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med., 39(2), pp. 403-412, 2016.
Kambali, I., Suryanto, H., & Parwanto, Identification and Angular Distribution of Residual Radionuclides Detected on the Wall of BATAN's Cyclotron Cave, Atom Indonesia, 42(1), pp. 1-8, 2016.
Lebeda, O., Lier, E.J., Stursa, J., Ralis, J., Zyuzin, A., Assessment of Radionuclidic Impurities in Cyclotron Produced 99mTc, Nuclear Medicine and Biology, 39, pp. 1286-1291, 2012.
