TEMUAN TRADISI BUDAYA AUSTRONESIA AKHIR PROTOSEJARAH (MEGALITIK) DI LEMBAH BESOA, SULAWESI TENGAH
Abstract
Abstrak. Di antara ras-ras yang menghuni wilayah Asia, bangsa petutur bahasa Austronesia adalah yang palingluas wilayah pengaruhnya. Pengaruhnya tidak ditemui di Asia Tenggara kepulauan saja, bahkan dijumpai di
kepulauan Pasifik dan Madagaskar. Pengaruh itupun tidak saja teridentifkasi pada bahasa yang berkembang di
wilayah-wilayah baru, tetapi tampak pula pada jejak-jejak teknologi yang menunjukkan perkawinan teknologi
antara tradisi budaya logam Austronesia dan lokal. Demikian pula pada aspek religiusnya, bukti-bukti menunjukkan
bahwa adanya pengenalan tradisi penggunaan wadah kubur, bekal kubur, dan pendirian monumen megalitik.
Berangkat dari hal tersebut, tulisan ini membahas hasil penelitian arkeologi di Lembah Besoa dalam upaya memahami
tradisi budaya Austronesia di Sulawesi sekitar 3000 tahun yang lalu. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan ekskavasi
pada sejumlah lubang uji, baik pada situs maupun dalam kalamba. Hasil analisis arkeologis menunjukkan bahwa
kalamba yang berbentuk tong-tong batu tidak ditemukan di Lembah Besoa saja, tetapi dijumpai pula di Sarawak,
Danau Toba, Donggo, Laos, dan Assam. Namun demikian, yang mencirikan tradisi budaya Austronesia adalah
lumpang batu dan batu dulang yang mengindikasikan telah dikenalnya kegiatan perladangan dan domestikasi
hewan. Di lain pihak, pendukung budaya Lembah Besoa memiliki kedekatan DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) dengan
masyarakat Kajang yang bermukim di Sulawesi Selatan, yang mengarahkan dugaan bahwa ada kesamaan
keturunan atau pernah terjadi interaksi genetik pada kedua komunitas tersebut pada masa lampau. Interaksi
tersebut diperkuat dengan bukti-bukti artefaktual, antara lain kesamaan manik-manik dan gerabah slip merah.
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