AN ECO-MATERIAL CULTURAL STUDY ON BIRD TRAPS AMONG THE PALAWAN OF THE PHILIPPINES (STUDI BUDAYA EKOLOGI DAN MATERIAL PERANGKAP BURUNG PADA MASYARAKAT PALAWAN DI PULAU PALAWAN, FILIPINA)
Abstract
This study clarifies how eco-material culture is exemplified in bird traps and the use in the environment in terms of: 1) the ecological aspects and material culture of bird traps; 2) the practicality of trapping techniques; and 3) the relationships among bird traps, birds, and people from an ethno-archaeological viewpoint. The research target is the Palawan, an indigenous people of Palawan Island, the Philippines. The research methods are interviews and participant observation. The research suggests that current bird traps are made of plant materials with nylon for convenience, but plant materials remain fundamental. Further, since Palawan bird-trapping technology is unrefined, and as traps are sometimes unsuccessful, trapping is likely done for enjoyment and as a challenge. Thus, bird traps connect humans to nature, as reflected in the Palawan’s eco-material culture.
Â
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan perangkap burung yang menggunakan bahan-bahan dari tanaman dan penggunaannya di lingkungan, serta membahas tentang: 1) aspek budaya ekologi dan material dari perangkap burung; 2) teknologi perangkap burung; dan 3) hubungan antara burung, perangkap burung, dan manusia dari sudut pandang etnoarkeologi. Metode penelitian ini adalah wawancara dan observasi partisipan. Target penelitian adalah penduduk asli Pulau Palawan di Filipina. Penulis memastikan bahwa perangkap burung yang biasa digunakan pada masa kini dibuat dari bahan tanaman dan plastik nilon untuk kemudahan. Sementara itu, masyarakat Palawan masih menggunakan bahanbahan tanaman sebagai bahan utama dalam membuat perangkap burung, dan teknologi yang digunakan merupakan perkembangan dari metode perangkap tradisional. Tujuan masyarakat Palawan menggunakan perangkap bukan sematamata untuk menangkap burung, tetapi untuk menakut-nakutinya juga agar penduduk dapat hidup berdampingan dengan burung di lingkungannya. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa perangkap burung merupakan alat yang digunakan oleh masyarakat setempat untuk hidup berdampingan dengan burung dan merefleksikan prinsip hidup masyarakat alami yang hidup berpusat pada budaya ekosistem dan material.
References
Bub, Hans (trans. Hamerstrom, Frances and Karin Wuertz-Schaefer). 1978. Bird Trapping and Bird Banding: A Handbook for Trapping Methods All Over the World. New York: Cornel University Press.
Cole, Fay-Cooper. 1922. The Tinguian Social, Religious, and Economic Life of a Philippine Tribe. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.
Ferdinandus-Mustamu, A. 1985. Teknik Perangkap Traditional di Maluku: Buku Bacaan untuk Murid di Museum. Maluku: Terbitan Museum Siwalima Ambon.
Fisher, Tim and Nigel Hicks. 2000. A Photographic Guide to Birds of the Philippines. London: New Holland Publishers.
Fox, Robert B. 1952. “The Pinatubo Negritos: Their Useful Plants and Material Culture.†The Philippine Journal of Science 81(3– 4):173–414.
Fujiki, Takane. 1971. Phantom People: Konoy. Tokyo: Akane Shobo (in Japanese).
Gibson, William Hamilton. 2011. Traps for Feathered Game: A Historical Article on the Methods and Equipment for Trapping Birds. Redditch, Worcestershire, U.K.: Read Books.
-------- 2018. Tips and Tricks of Trapping: A Classic Guide for the Modern Trapper. New York: Dover Publications. Goto, Akira. 2001. Ethnoarchaeology. Tokyo: Bensei Shuppan (in Japanese).
Imai, Ichiro. 1980. “An Ecological Anthropological Study on Wild Boar Hunting at Iriomote Island in the Yaeyama Archipelago. “Ethnological Studies 45(1):1–31 (in Japanese).
Ingold, Tim. 2012. “Towards an Ecology of Materials.†Annual Review of Anthropology 41:427–442.
Itani, Junichiro. 1977. “Animal History of Tongwe.†Pp. 441–537 in Natural History of Human, edited by Junichiro Itani and Reizo Harako. Tokyo: Yuzankaku (in Japanese).
Kennedy, Robert S., Pedro C. Gonzales, Edward C. Dickinson, Hector Miranda, and Timothy H. Fisher. 2000. A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
Kreps, Harry Elmer. 2016. The Science of Trapping: Old-Time Lessons on Catching Animals for Fur. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
Leroi-Gourhan, André (trans. Araki, Toru). 2012. Le Geste et la Parole: Technique et Language. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo Ltd. (in Japanese).
MacGregor, Richard C. and Leon L. Gardner. 1930. “Philippines Bird Traps with Thirteen Illustrations.†The Condor 32(2): 89–100.
Matsui, Takeshi. 1977. “Folk Zoology of the Tombwe.†Pp. 539–623 in Natural History of Human, edited by Junichiro Itani and Reizo Harako. Tokyo: Yuzankaku (in Japanese).
Muder, Karen M. 1982. “Ethnozoology: Patterns of Animal Exploitation in Rural Negros Oriental; A Preliminary Note.†Pp 85–106 in Houses Built on Scattered Poles: Prehistory and Ecology in Negros Oriental, Philippines, edited by Karl L. Hutterer and William K. Macdonald. Cebu City: University of San Carlos.
National Statistics Office. 2012. 2010 Census of Population and Housing: Philippines. Manila: National Statistics Office.
Oswalt. Wendell H. (trans. Kato, Shumpei and Kamuro, Hitoshi). 1983. An Anthropological Analysis of Food-Getting Technology. Tokyo: Hosei University Press (in Japanese).
Revel, Nicole. 1990. Fleurs de Paroles, Histoire Naturelle Palawan, Tome 1: Les dons de Nagsalad. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers.
Sano, Katsuhiro. 2015. “The Background of Alternating Play –The Emergence of Multiple Hunting Techniques.†Pp. 127-139 in The Homo Sapience and Archaic Humans III-Alternating Play of Human and Culture, edited by Yoshihiro Nishiaki. Tokyo: Rokuichi Shobo (in Japanese).
Tsuji, Takashi. 2005. “Expansion of Fishing Activity among the Molbog: Marketization and the Contemporary Meaning after a Slump of Their Shifting Cultivation.†Ecosophia 16:73– 86 (in Japanese).
-------. 2006. “A Study on Shifting Cultivation (uma) and the Folk Knowledge/ Rituals among the Natives in Palawan Island, the Philippines.†Humanities and Sciences 21:101–15 (in Japanese).
------. 2008. “The Coexistence Relationship Weaved by Subsistence Activity: A Case Study of Indigenous
Fishing Activity in Palawan Island, the Philippines.†Japan Archaeological Association 2008 Aichi Meeting Research Presentation Materials Collection, 305–308 (in Japanese).
-------. 2013. “The Technique and Ecology Surrounding Moray Fishing: A Case Study of Moray Trap Fishing on Mactan Island, Philippines.†Pp.167–181 in Prehistoric Marine Resource Use in the Indo-Pacific Regions, edited by Rintaro Ono, David Addison, and Alex Morrison. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
--------. 2016. “Bird Hunting Traps among the Palawan as a Shifting Cultivators and Fishermen in Southern Palawan Island, Philippines.†Pp. 319–342 in Thinking over Birds and Humans – Dialogue between Environmental Literature and Anthropology, edited by Kenichi Noda and Katsumi Okuno. Tokyo: Bensei Shuppan (in Japanese).
Copyright (c) 2019 Naditira Widya
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Retained Rights/Terms and Conditions of Publication
 1. As an author you (or your employer or institution) may do the following:
- make copies (print or electronic) of the article for your own personal use, including for your own classroom teaching use;
- make copies and distribute such copies (including through e-mail) of the article to research colleagues, for the personal use by such colleagues (but not commercially or systematically, e.g. via an e-mail list or list server);
- present the article at a meeting or conference and to distribute copies of the article to the delegates attending such meeting;
- for your employer, if the article is a ‘work for hire’, made within the scope of your employment, your employer may use all or part of the information in the article for other intra-company use (e.g. training);
- retain patent and trademark rights and rights to any process, procedure, or article of manufacture described in the article;
- include the article in full or in part in a thesis or dissertation (provided that this is not to be published commercially);
- use the article or any part thereof in a printed compilation of your works, such as collected writings or lecture notes (subsequent to publication of the article in the journal); and prepare other derivative works, to extend the article into book-length form, or to otherwise re-use portions or excerpts in other works, with full acknowledgement of its original publication in the journal;
- may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the article, material extracted from the article, or derivative works for the author’s personal use or for company use, provided that the source and the copyright notice are indicated, the copies are not used in any way that implies Naditira Widya endorsement of a product or service of any employer, and the copies themselves are not offered for sale.
All copies, print or electronic, or other use of the paper or article must include the appropriate bibliographic citation for the article’s publication in the journal.
2. Requests from third parties
Although authors are permitted to re-use all or portions of the article in other works, this does not include granting third-party requests for reprinting, republishing, or other types of re-use. Requests for all uses not included above, including the authorization of third parties to reproduce or otherwise use all or part of the article (including figures and tables), should be referred to Naditira Widya by going to our website at http://naditirawidya.kemdikbud.go.id
 3. Author Online Use
- Personal Servers. Authors and/or their employers shall have the right to post the accepted version of articles pre-print version of the article, or revised personal version of the final text of the article (to reflect changes made in the peer review and editing process) on their own personal servers or the servers of their institutions or employers without permission from Naditira Widya, provided that the posted version includes a prominently displayed Naditira Widya copyright notice and, when published, a full citation to the original publication, including a link to the article abstract in the journal homepage. Authors shall not post the final, published versions of their papers;
- Classroom or Internal Training Use. An author is expressly permitted to post any portion of the accepted version of his/her own articles on the author’s personal web site or the servers of the author’s institution or company in connection with the author’s teaching, training, or work responsibilities, provided that the appropriate copyright, credit, and reuse notices appear prominently with the posted material. Examples of permitted uses are lecture materials, course packs, e-reserves, conference presentations, or in-house training courses;
- Electronic Preprints. Before submitting an article to an Naditira Widya, authors frequently post their manuscripts to their own web site, their employer’s site, or to another server that invites constructive comment from colleagues. Upon submission of an article to Naditira Widya, an author is required to transfer copyright in the article to Naditira Widya, and the author must update any previously posted version of the article with a prominently displayed Naditira Widya copyright notice. Upon publication of an article by the Naditira Widya, the author must replace any previously posted electronic versions of the article with either (1) the full citation to the work with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) or link to the article abstract in Naditira Widya homepage, or (2) the accepted version only (not the final, published version), including the Naditira Widya copyright notice and full citation, with a link to the final, published article in journal homepage.
4. Articles in Press (AiP) service
Naditira Widya may choose to publish an abstract or portions of the paper before we publish it in the journal. Please contact our Production department immediately if you do not want us to make any such prior publication for any reason, including disclosure of a patentable invention.
5. Author/Employer Rights
If you are employed and prepared the article on a subject within the scope of your employment, the copyright in the article belongs to your employer as a work-for-hire. In that case, Naditira Widya assumes that when you sign this Form, you are authorized to do so by your employer and that your employer has consented to the transfer of copyright, to the representation and warranty of publication rights, and to all other terms and conditions of this Form. If such authorization and consent has not been given to you, an authorized representative of your employer should sign this Form as the Author.
 6. Naditira Widya Copyright Ownership
It is the formal policy of Naditira Widya to own the copyrights to all copyrightable material in its technical publications and to the individual contributions contained therein, in order to protect the interests of the Naditira Widya, its authors and their employers, and, at the same time, to facilitate the appropriate re-use of this material by others. Naditira Widya distributes its technical publications throughout the world and does so by various means such as hard copy, microfiche, microfilm, and electronic media. It also abstracts and may translate its publications, and articles contained therein, for inclusion in various compendiums, collective works, databases and similar publications.
Naditira Widya by Balai Arkeologi Kalimantan Selatan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://naditirawidya.kemdikbud.go.id/
