TAMAN SÎMA PADA PRÂSÂDA DI GUNUNG HYANG (JAWA ABAD IX M) (SÎMA GARDEN IN A PRÂSÂDA ON GUNUNG HYANG (JAVA IN THE NINTH CENTURY))
Abstract
Penelitian tentang taman dari masa Hindu-Buddha pada abad ke-9 Masehi selama ini belum banyak dilakukan. Hal ini karena jarang ditemukannya tinggalan arkeologis berupa taman dari masa tersebut. Namun, prasasti Jurungan berangka tahun 798 Saka (876 Masehi) membuktikan bahwa ada taman dari abad ke-9 Masehi dengan status sîma bagi prâsâda di Gunung Hyang. Penelitian ini penting dilakukan untuk memahami karakterisktik taman di Jawa pada abad ke-9 Masehi dan hubungan taman sîma dengan prâsâda. Selain itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah melengkapi pengetahuan mengenai lanskap taman pada wilayah Mataram Hindu abad ke-9 Masehi dan merekonstruksi budaya masyarakat Jawa pada masa itu. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sejarah, dan dilakukan dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui studi pustaka dari buku-buku, laporan penelitian, artikel ilmiah, dan naskah kesastraan. Pembacaan prasasti Jurungan dilakukan secara langsung dan terhadap hasil alih aksara prasasti. Analisis prasasti didukung pula oleh pengamatan relief pada Candi Borobudur dan Prambanan, serta pengamatan lanskap taman Keraton Boko. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa taman sîma pada prasasti Jurungan memiliki unsur penting berupa tanaman dan air yang mendukung kelangsungan prâsâda sebagai bangunan suci di Gunung Hyang. Lebih lanjut, disebutkan pula tentang pemenuhan kebutuhan akan buah atau bunga persembahan untuk prâsâda ataupun kebutuhan ekonomi masyarakat sekitar yang mengelola prâsâda. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa taman sîma, prâsâda, dan Gunung Hyang secara konseptual merupakan lanskap sakral yang dibentuk menjadi satu kesatuan sebagai perwujudan konsep kosmologi masyarakat Hindu di Jawa pada abad ke-9 Masehi.
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Little researches on gardens from the ninth century Hindu-Buddhist period are conducted due to the few discoveries of archaeological remains that indicate gardens. However, the Jurungan inscription dated 798 Saka (876 CE) proves the existence of a garden from the ninth century with a status of sîma for a prâsâda on Gunung Hyang. The significance of this research is to understand the characteristics of a garden in Java during the ninth century and the relationship between a sîma garden and prâsâda. Additionally, the objective of this study is to obtain a comprehensive knowledge of a garden landscape in the ninth century Hindu Mataram region and reconstruct the culture of the Javanese society then. This study uses a historical approach, and data collection is carried out by literature studies from books, research reports, scientific articles, and literary texts. Reading the Jurungan inscription was conducted both from the script and its transliteration. The inscription analysis was also supported by a study of the reliefs on the temples Borobudur and Prambanan, as well as landscape observations of the Boko palace garden. Research results suggest that the sîma garden mentioned in the Jurungan inscription has important elements of plants and water that support the continuity of a prâsâda as a sacred structure on Gunung Hyang. Further, the inscription also mentioned about fulfilling the needs for fruit or flower offerings for the prâsâda or the economic demands of the surrounding communities who maintained the prâsâda. Conclusively, the research suggests the sîma garden, prâsâda, and Gunung Hyang are conceptually sacred landscapes that are formed into a single entity as a manifestation of the cosmological concept of Hindu society in Java during the ninth century.
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